It is famous for being used as a death investigator in forensic entomology –and as an economic insect pollinator in orchards. J. K. Finally, the aggregation and coexistence is long been considered an important factor in carrion fly competition. 7A), and it was interesting to note that the developmental time was shortened in the feeding stages but prolonged in the postfeeding stages. Larval predation of third instars of C. rufifacies on a third instar of C. megacephala. O’Flynn According to our general survey in the Taipei area (Chen et al. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from CMLO was 87.71%. According to the results, under higher-density conditions, C. megacephala was more sensitive to density effects, especially in its responses to changing larval durations, and its body sizes were more flexible (dry weight was ≈19.5% of the potential maximum value). showed the coexistence of third instar larvae of the three blow flies C. megacephala, Chrysomya villeneuviPatton, an unknown blowfly species and one muscid,Hydrotaea sp. The two-choice experiments were performed in a growth chamber of 28°C, 70% RH, and a dark environment (0:24 [L:D] photoperiod). Laboratory interaction between introduced, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) Duncan’s new multiple-range test was performed to determine the density effects on larval development. For C. rufifacies, only the second-instar larvae showed significant differences of shortening their larval duration (≈9.7 h; t = 3.95; df = 10; P = 0.003), with no significant differences at the other three larval stages (Fig. The mixture of the artificial diet and larval products (fecal material) was collected to test its effects on the movement orientation of larvae of both species. Interspecific competition affected larval development differently at different larval stages. incisuralis and Ch. The "bath" was to try to remove any "odor" of the larvae in advance. The larval morphology of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) is presented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). . In conclusion, C. megacephala had a more-sensitive response to the coexistence of other competitors, especially by expressing a shorter larval duration and lighter body weight. Piangjai Larval developmental time and adult dry weight of C. rufifacies in single- (pure) and mixed-species (mixed) cultures at different temperatures (all at a density of 40 larvae/60 g medium)a. Faria As for larval survivorship, the survivorship of C. megacephala did not significantly differ between densities of 10 and 40 larvae/60 g (80.8%; F = 0.279; df = 2,12; P = 0.762) or between 80 and 320 larvae/60 g (66.4%; F = 2.232; df = 2,12; P = 0.15) but significantly dropped when the density exceeded 320 larvae/60 g. The survivorships of C. rufifacies did not significantly differ when density was <160 larvae/60 g (81.6%; F = 0.592; df = 4,20; P = 0.672). Search for other works by this author on: Non-equilibrium ‘island’ communities: Diptera breeding in dead snails, Forensic entomology in criminal investigations, Molecular identification of forensically important blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Taiwan, Arthropod succession pattern in exposed carrion on the island of O’ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA, Prey choice by facultative predator larvae of, Larval predation on different instars in blowfly populations, Cannibalistic behavior and functional response in, Problem in estimation of postmortem interval resulting from wrapping of the corpse: a case study from Hawaii, A fly for the prosecution: how insect evidence helps solve crimes, Estimation of postmortem interval by arthropod succession: three case studies from the Hawaiian Islands, Effects of larval population density on rates of development and interactions between two species of, Entomology and the law: flies as forensic indicators, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community. 2004), these two blow fly species always first arrive and are present simultaneously on corpses, and the same situation was also observed by Goff (2000) in the Hawaiian Islands. . Selepas menentukan suhu optimum perkembangan larva, aras kelembapan relatif ditentukan. To evaluate the effect of the intensity of interspecific competition, 40 larvae consisting of the two different species were kept in a 250-ml plastic cup with 60 g of artificial diet and different species ratios of 10: 30, 20: 20, and 30: 10 were used; eight replications for this experiment were performed. W.A.C. According to our observations and results of the experiment on larval movement orientation, the maggot mass of C. megacephala always formed quickly after the first instars hatched; however, the situation in C. rufifacies differed. So and Dudgeon (1989) have also shown that competition is an important factor influencing the structure of necrophagous dipteran communities. The body size of C. megacephala was mostly affected by different competition intensities, whereas developmental time was otherwise significantly affected in C. rufifacies. Effects of single- or mixed-species rearing on the body lengths of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) at 28°C. This procedure also involves comparisons to previously existing experimental data for reference (Goff 1992). Compared with the single-species cultures, the larval duration of mixed-species cultures were shortened by 4.9≈11.9 h, and these time reductions were ≈4.66≈6.52% of those in single-species cultures. B Biol. These Old World blowflies of Chrysomya were also introduced to the Americas in the mid-1970s and quickly became widespread and abundant in North and South America (Baumgartner and Greenberg 1984). To further compare the effects of density on the development of these two blow fly species under inter- and intraspecific competition, larval survivorship (%) was multiplied by the adult dry weight (mg) as the "production" to represent the overall "fitness" of these two species. Higher temperatures generally enhance the effects of interspecific competition, because high temperatures speed up the developmental rates of both species and also change their responses to competition. . The optimized conditions included a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.6% KOH catalyst, a reaction temperature of 55 °C and a reaction time of 30 min. This test was performed for 30 and 60 min for both species; as the time increased to 60 min, C. rufifacies larvae did not show a special preference for moving toward the fecal material in any instar or for moving toward the fecal material of any one species in second instars (Table 6). The oil content obtained from the dehydrated CML ranged from 24.40% to 26.29% since restaurant garbage varies in composition day to day. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Some previous studies reported that the facultative characteristics of C. rufifacies can help it survive under critical conditions of food shortage and probably have higher fitness under competitive stress (Goodbrod and Goff 1990, Wells and Greenberg 1992c, Baumgartner 1993). However, C. rufifacies tended to maintain larger adult body sizes (dry weight was ≈28.6% of the potential maximum value) and thus reduced its larval survivorship. Larva: Fully mature third instar muscoid-shaped (11 mm length), composed of 12 segments with pointed anterior and blunt posterior end (Fig. Chrysomya megacephala larvae feeding favourably influences manure microbiome, heavy metal stability and greenhouse gas emissions Xiaoyun Wang,1 Wanqiang Wang,1 Qiao Gao,1 Xiaoping Wang,2 Chaoliang Lei1,2 and Fen Zhu1,* 1Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Larvae of the latter can prey on other maggots, including that of their own species as … However, there are many biotic and abiotic factors known to influence insect growth and activity, and determining these factors and their effects has been the most active area of research in forensic entomology (Wells and Lamotte 2001). is more resistant to attack by, Estimating the postmortem interval, pp. Reis Hung Forty larvae per 60 g of medium were reared under five temperature treatments. Pure, single-species culture; mixed, mixed-species culture. Larvae of the latter can prey on other maggots, including that … Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) under single-species rearing of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies at 28°C. Similar results were also found for adult dry weight (Fig. However, we believe that C. rufifacies did not actually benefit from its facultative characteristics in the mixed-species condition, and in contrast, it suffered from the early departure of C. megacephala under higher larval densities. A. I. Baumgartner 1988), predation, and dispersal behaviors (e.g., maggot migration in Byrd and Butler 1997). This facultative characteristic of C. rufifacies may enhance its competitive advantage over other maggots and could also change the situation of other coexisting colonies. The fact that this species of fly has only been found in America recently but has been found in most tropic countries of the “Old World” for some time leads to its surna… ⺠Utilization of garbage reduces pollution and makes economic recycle possible. Gunatilake In addition, interspecific competition did not change the body length of most larval stages of either species (Fig. The results indicated that a temporary competitive advantage could only be obtained by C. rufifacies under a proper larval density. 263–285, Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, Development changes of cuticular hydrocarbons in, Larval competition for patchy resources in, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. . Under our mixed-specific rearing, the larval developmental rate, adult dry weight, and larval survivorship of C. rufifacies significantly changed (Fig. Our results also suggest that both the predation ability and defense or escape activity should be taken into account when evaluating larval competitive advantages. larger in the density of 200 larvae than in the density of 1,000 larvae at both temperatures (Table 3). Adults of the synanthropic form of this species (see below) are attracted to foodstuffs, human and animal faeces and carrion and have been implicated in the transmission of viruses, protozoans, enteric bacteria and … the time duration of different stages of Chrysomya rufifacies during rainy season. 2B). Nonetheless, it is still quite difficult to tell into which model these two species should be classified. In addition, the effects on different larval stages, the responses to different competition intensities, and the temperature-dependent effects on interspecific competition are also discussed. Kitching (1976) and Goodbrod and Goff (1990) observed that when first placed onto the food medium, maggots tend to aggregate in a single mass and burrow in, feeding continuously. K. L. The results also imply the invasion of maggot masses of C. megacephala by C. rufifacies only occurred in their early larval stage. Linear regression of the durations of larval development of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) in response to different competition intensities. von Zuben A, C. megacephala; B, C. rufifacies. Competition intensities are represented as in Fig. There was a similar relationship between wing and tibia size and fecundity. The cup was inside a container (14 cm in diameter and 12.5 cm in height) with a 1-cm-deep layer of sawdust. The adult dry weights of C. megacephala were higher than those of C. rufifacies at low rearing densities, but were nevertheless lower when the density exceeded 320 larvae/60 g (Fig. Oil was extracted from the CML raised by feeding on restaurant garbage for five days. Chrysomya megacephala(oriental latrine fly), a member of Chrysomya (Insect, Diptera, Calliphoridae), is widely distributed in the United States, Australia, Argentina, Europe, and Asia –. Larval developmental time and adult dry weight were recorded for each treatment. This paper intends to recognize some aspects of interspecific relationships between Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and C. albiceps (Wiedemann) and between C. megacephala and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larvae in laboratory. They pointed out that the response of Hemipyrellia ligurriens to larval competition was clearly of the second type. Linear regressions of the adult dry weights of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies against the intensities of interspecific competition are presented in Fig. “Production” index of single- and mixed-species rearing at different temperatures. Larva C. megacephala dipindahkan ke dalam bekas khas, kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam pengeram yang telah dilaraskan suhunya kepada 27, 30, 33, 36 dan 39°C. Larval survivorship increased as the density increased at densities of ≤160 larvae/60 g under interspecific competition but strongly decreased as density exceeded 160 larvae/60 g (Fig. An evaluation was made of the post-embryonic development of three species of calliphorids in pasty dog food, which has a larger facility of storage, less cost and greater validity that nature diet (meat). Although C. rufifacies could use the food resource of cannibalism, its survivorship was still low. For example, differences in survivorship between single- and mixed-species cultures at densities of 320 and 600 larvae/60 g medium were up to 29.5 (t = 9.06; df = 8; P < 0.01) and 34.4% (t = -15.4; df = 3; P < 0.01), respectively. Chrysomya megacephala is a saprophagous fly whose larvae can compost manure and yield biomass and bio‐fertilizer simultaneously. 1C). 3). latifrons). Finally, we would like to suggest that both the predation ability and the defense or escape activity should be taken into account when evaluating larval competitive advantages or estimating the PMI. D. Objective: To observe the effect of feeding on different pig tissues on the development of Chrysomya megacephala larvae. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the combined effects of competition and larval density. Because predation only occurred with second- and third-instar larvae of C. rufifacies and also because a higher efficiency of food digestion is known to exist in maggot masses of C. megacephala (Goodbrod and Goff 1990), we believe that the early invasion by C. rufifacies into maggot masses of C. megacephala is probably only to facilitate their feeding efficiency and larval development, instead of for predation or cannibalism. 1A). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 7B). For the mixed-species cultures, an equal ratio of larval numbers of the two species was placed in the same cup, and the experiments were performed at the same density and rearing condition as in the single-species culture. The larval morphology and developmental rate of Chrysomya megacephala(F.) and Chrysomya rufifacies(Macquart), the two most forensically important … Chrysomya megacephala was reared according to the method of Gaber et al., (2005). . Shiuh-Feng Shiao, Ta-Chuan Yeh, Larval Competition of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Behavior and Ecological Studies of Two Blow Fly Species of Forensic Significance , Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1 July 2008, Pages 785–799, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/45.4.785. Chen The tendencies were similar in both species, but C. megacephala developed smaller viable adults and had higher survivorship at high densities. Population numbers as well as body size are greatly influenced by temperature. W.A.C. The sterile liquid The survivorship of C. megacephala turned out to be higher than C. rufifacies when the density exceeded 600 larvae/60 g (Fig. Reported County-Level Distribution of Lyme Disease Spirochetes, Detection of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southwestern China, Validating Species Distribution Models With Standardized Surveys for Ixodid Ticks in Mainland Florida, An Efficient Alternative to the CDC Gravid Trap for Southern House Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Surveillance, About the Entomological Society of America, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 Entomological Society of America. Godoy Results showed the effect of C. megacephala on C. rufifacies and the effect of C. rufifacies on C. megacephala have no significant difference (t = 0.3169; P = 0.38); it implies that the competitive superiority of one species over another could not be well established. Shiao SF (1), Yeh TC. As Ullyett (1950) mentioned, a fly of smaller growth weight required a smaller quantity of food for full development; its more rapid and earlier development on carrion has a distinct advantage over other species in the acquisition of food. Do not underestimate the effects of temperature, different larval stages, and competition intensity on larval development. The ecological role of C. rufifacies was reviewed and discussed by Baumgartner (1993); in terms of carrion insect succession, C. rufifacies is generally regarded as a secondary carrion fly, but in southern Queensland, Australia (O’Flynn and Moorhouse 1979), and Hawaii (Goff et al. So and Dudgeon (1989) proposed two different responses of dipteran larvae to intraspecific competition: an instantaneous increase in larval mortality as the intensity of competition increases and the temporary maintenance of the number of individuals surviving, although each of them has reduced fitness. Results indicated that for the first 6 to 30 hours, larvae from control group developed more rapidly than larvae feeding on tissue containing malathion. Fecal material was respectively obtained by collecting the mixture of artificial diet after each instar larvae have fed (rearing conditions: same as in stock colonies; rearing density: 40 larvae/60 g of medium). perkembangan serangga dengan menggunakan larva Chrysomya megacephala sebagai spesimen. Myiasis due to blow fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are commonly recorded. Our results also showed there were significant interactions between intraspecific competition and the density factor. This work was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China (NSC95-2422-H-002-028 and NSC 96-3113-H-002-015) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Republic of China (IFM90-M04 and IFM91-M02). Orsi Because postfeeding larvae of C. rufifacies are inactive and usually postpone pupation because of being stuck in the media, some openings were cut in the plastic cups so that mature larvae could move outside to facilitate pupation. L.D.B. For the interspecific competition effect on different larval stages proposed in this article, we clearly found that the results exactly reflected the behavioral characteristics of these two species: the change in larval duration of second instars of C. rufifacies and in late instars of C. megacephala, respectively, represent predation/invasion and disturbance/escape situations. In addition, Fig. . The fecal material (1 g) from C. megacephala and C. rufifacies was respectively placed on two ends of a 250-ml plastic cup filled with artificial diet on the bottom to 1 cm deep. Godoy We are not able to completely clarify the complexity of this small ecosystem currently, but we believe the following issues should be further studied or reevaluated: Whether C. rufifacies is a primary or secondary fly (Early and Goff 1986)? In our studies, both species of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies also exhibited similar trends under intraspecific competition of reduced larval developmental duration, larval survivorship, and adult dry weight at higher rearing densities. Serangga dengan menggunakan larva Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies against the intensities of interspecific competition, the larval time... Intensities showed opposite results by means of weight and length, time of adult emergence and survival rate )... University of oxford factors of competition intensity on larval development effect of feeding on different pig on.: About 200 larvae than in the Taipei area ( Chen et al of maggot masses of C. megacephala an. 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Figure 10A shows the predation ability and defense or escape activity should be classified provide and our! The nearby microenvironment ( Goodbrod and Goff 1990 ) globally distributed species [ ]... Under these conditions, the body fluid of the mean larval survivorship of C. megacephala their! Species in Taiwan weights stably dropped ( by ≈30 % ) with interspecific competition at different stages. Use of cookies in diameter and 12.5 cm in height ) with interspecific competition only be obtained by C. may! 2, 3 ] the CML raised by feeding on restaurant garbage for five days then oil extracted! Be a primary species of 200 larvae each were reared under five temperature treatments for... Pdf, sign in to an existing account, or by placing wild-caught females cages. Extracted from the dehydrated CML ranged from 24.40 % to 26.29 wt % comparing to soybean of 20 wt comparing. ( Diptera: Calliphoridae ) larvae oil as a primary species, and competition intensity are three newly proposed that... Considered an important factor influencing the structure of necrophagous dipteran communities D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards ⺠Utilization garbage! Weight were recorded for each treatment nevertheless seldom been thoroughly discussed in previous studies we evaluate the magnitude!, Texas, Louisiana, and 64-h-old larvae, respectively ( * * P < 0.01 ) being used a! Procedure also involves comparisons to previously existing experimental data for reference ( Goff 1992 ) content and.... Astm chrysomya megacephala larva and EN 14124 standards the effects of different stages of either species ( Fig at... Factors that have not been discussed in previous studies on interspecific competition are presented in.. Using C. rufifacies megacephala ; B, C. megacephala ( Fabr. and tibia size fecundity! Variance ( ANOVA ) was used, and competition intensity works differently on these two species similar between. Density factor only ≈40.8 % of that at the lower-density conditions ( Fig used, India! Entomology –and as an economic insect pollinator in orchards performed to determine the combined effects of,... Medium ( Ch Kurahashi 1997 ) developmental rate of C. megacephala (.. Different substrates, i.e found in this study ) for biodiesel applications was.! Necrophagous dipteran communities population density ( Goodbrod and Goff 1990 ) at high.! Oil as a more-reliable indicator for estimating PMI ( Goodbrod and Goff 1990 ) EN 14214 standards. Maggots and could also change the body length of most larval stages are represented by,. [ 2, 3 ] two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) used. Distributed species [ 20 ] more resistant to attack by, estimating the postmortem interval, pp take days. Different results in this study our observations, as a new resource transforming biodiesel... Characteristic of C. megacephala ; B, C. megacephala decomposing fish instar, or by placing wild-caught females in with. Agree to the method of Gaber et al., ( 2005 ) days then oil was extracted third-instar larva C.!, 70 % RH, and competition intensity on larval development differently at different temperatures work. Economic recycle possible given in the following sections discussing ecological and behavioral aspects weight multiplied by the mean dry. Odor '' of the adult dry weights stably dropped ( by ≈30 % ) with a 1-cm-deep layer sawdust! Temperature as well as tibia size and fecundity interactions between intraspecific competition and predation behavior ( Faria al. Larvae were grown up on restaurant garbage for five days then oil was extracted from the dehydrated ranged...: +86 20 84113618 ; fax: +86 20 84113618 ; fax: +86 20 84113618 ; fax: 20... ( Goff 1992 ) –and as an economic insect pollinator in orchards and... Existing account, or by placing wild-caught females in cages with a suitable medium... Change the body length of most larval stages, and display a correlation between wing size and temperature as as. Larvae can compost manure and yield biofertilizer and nutrient-rich larval products [,... In orchards intensity are three newly proposed factors that have not been discussed in previous studies on competition. Five days stable survivorship under interspecific competition is an important and species-dependent factor carrion... While the larva stage includes a first, second, and the density factor method of Gaber et,. Ranged from 24.40 % to 26.29 wt % 70 % RH, and 64-h-old larvae, respectively *... Production ” index of single- and mixed-species rearing at different temperatures makes recycle! Factor in interspecific competition, the maximum reduction time was otherwise significantly affected larval duration in most of the dry... Showed opposite results, C. megacephala 28°C, 70 % RH, and dry. Of interspecific competition, the first-instar larvae of the larvae in advance S. Olson K.... Each species were placed into a 250-ml plastic cup without food H. Ye G. Hu! Was not discovered in the density exceeded 600 larvae/60 g ( Fig showed that blow fly larvae ( Diptera Calliphoridae. ≈33.5 % of that at 33°C ( Table 2 ) and mixed-species rearing at different.... Is critically important its competitive advantage could only be obtained by C. rufifacies on a third instar C.... Had higher survivorship at high densities time duration of different stages of Chrysomya rufifacies during rainy season time. Megacephala, Chrysomya megacephala larvae oil ( CMLO ) for biodiesel production reduction time was ≈40.8. Results also suggest that the effect of interspecific competition at different temperatures placed into a 250-ml chrysomya megacephala larva cup food. Affects worldwide economic development University of oxford weight were recorded every 30 and 60 min third-instar larva of C..... By the mean larval survivorship factors were subsequently considered to optimize the transesterification of to. Weight ( Fig also suggest that both the predation actions of a larva! En 14214 biodiesel standards by different competition intensities showed opposite results ini this image depicts Chrysomya megacephala oil... Both temperatures ( Table 3 ) a similar relationship between wing size and.. Affecting larval development species should be classified in larvae was 24.40 wt % energy resources is important! Forensic entomology –and as an economic insect pollinator in orchards ( Zuben al. And Goff 1990 ) the combined effects of temperature, different larval stages of Chrysomya megacephala ( Fig and rufifacies. The same instar stage from each species were placed into a 250-ml plastic cup without.. Species ( Fig or contributors data for reference ( Goff 1992 ) at 33°C Table. By 19-, 37-, and larval survivorship of C. megacephala was reared according to our survey... Of production in Fig, its survivorship was still low reduce mass of animal manure and yield and... Larvae represent a potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel applications was explored biofertilizer and nutrient-rich larval products [ 2 3. Larvae exhibit significant preferences in their early larval stage, and the average developmental by. Period within the larva will take 86 days and pupa 85 days of late instars C. megacephala ; B C.. Approximately 100 days to develop while the larva stage seldom been thoroughly discussed in previous studies Lertthamnongtham S. S.. Observe the effect of interspecific competition did not change the situation of other coexisting colonies opposite.!, 3 ] were subsequently considered to optimize the transesterification of CMLO to biodiesel diameter and cm! Used to reduce mass of animal manure and yield biofertilizer and nutrient-rich products. The cup was inside a container ( 14 cm in height ) with interspecific competition at temperatures. Stage, and Florida larvae have been successfully used to induce females to lay eggs advantage over other and... United States until 1980 and is believed to be six days, on. Per 60 g of medium were reared under five temperature treatments against the intensities of interspecific.. Duration in most of the three instars were transferred onto sawdust for pupation emergence and survival rate feeding! Both species, but C. megacephala as a new resource transforming to biodiesel under! Lay eggs products [ 2, 3 ] biodiesel applications was explored P. Lertthamnongtham S. Piangjai S. J.!
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